Bsc Hons Agriculture With Livestock Science

Agriculture with Livestock Science

BSc (Hons)

If you want to progress into an agricultural management career, helping to find solutions to the world's most pressing issue of food production and land use, then this course focusing on livestock production is ideal for you.

You don’t need to have an agricultural background; you simply need the passion and drive to work within a fast-changing industry and make that difference.

Key Information

Course Duration: 3 or 4 years full time; part-time available
UC UCAS Code: D403
Part or Full Time: Full Time / Part Time
Level of Study: Undergraduate Degrees
Placement Year: Optional
Typical Offer: 96-112 UCAS tariff points or equivalent

You’ll how to build a productive, resilient and sustainable industry - whether as a farm manager, agronomist, economist, policymaker, researcher, scientist or consultant – career opportunities are diverse. The extensive industry experience of lecturers, an on-campus commercial farm that supplies Müller, Sainsbury's and Glencore, as well as a modern Agri-Tech Centre will prepare you to make that positive impact on the future.

You'll have access to 380 hectares of commercial farmland, offering plenty of opportunities to get hands-on. This, alongside real-world business briefs and industry placements. You’ll benefit from up to 300 hours engaging in and with the industry as part of your degree.

This includes a supported work placement during the first year of study that counts as credits towards your degree meaning you'll graduate ready for employment.

  • UCAS | A typical offer for this course is 96-112 UCAS tariff points or equivalent.

 

  • GCSE | A minimum of 5 GCSE A* to C, (or 9 to 4 where numeric grades are being awarded) or equivalent, to include English Language and Mathematics.

 

  • A-Level | Typical offer is CCC-BBC or equivalent. This must include a minimum of two A Levels.

 

  • Vocational Award | Typical offer is a MMM-DMM in an Extended Diploma in a relevant subject.

 

  • Access | Typical offer is 96-112 UCAS tariff points in an Access to Higher Education Diploma.

 

  • IB | Typical offer is 96-112 UCAS tariff points in an IB Diploma, to include a minimum of two Highers at H3 or above.
    This must also include Maths and English Language at a minimum of Standard Level S3 if equivalent GCSEs have not been obtained.

 

  • Scottish Highers | Typical offer is 96-112 UCAS tariff points in Scottish Highers. This must include a minimum of one Advanced Higher and one Higher.

 

  • Irish leaving Certificate | Typical offer is 96-112 UCAS tariff points in the Irish Leaving Certificate. This must include a minimum of two Highers. This must also include Maths and English Language at a minimum of Ordinary Level.

 

  • OCR Cambridge Technical | Typical offer is a MMM-DMM in a Cambridge Technical Extended Diploma in a relevant subject.

 

  • T Level | Typical offer is Pass (C or above on the core) in your T Level overall grade in a relevant subject.

 

  • Other | Some evidence of practical experience in agriculture or similar land based studies is desirable.

 

We may interview mature applicants and those with non-traditional qualifications to ensure this is the right course for you.

The minimum academic entry requirement for this programme is 72 UCAS tariff or equivalent providing this is combined with relevant experience.

Please contact us for further information.

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Your career

Industry opportunities on this course are diverse, to ensure you develop the skills, experience and connections needed for your graduate career. Many of our students get their graduate roles with their work placement employers.

Work placements and experience  

These form part of core modules, alongside an optional integrated placement year. We’ll support you to find a placement within a sector of the industry to match your interests and career goals. Placements can be paid or unpaid, depending on position. Students have worked with organisations such as the ADAS, Woodheads, Foyles as well as on a range of commercial farms and enterprises.

Field trips and guest lecturers

Field trips and industry professionals in lectures form an important part of your learning, enabling you to experience different businesses, careers and best practices. Recent field trips have included trips to Somerset and Devon as part of the sustainable agriculture module, ADAS field trials, livestock farms, food processors and Dairy Tech. Extra fees are required – please see the fees tab.   

Recent guest lecturers have included livestock nutritionists and agricultural managers within the banking and supermarket sectors.   

Graduate destinations 

As a Hartpury agriculture graduate, you could progress into a range of careers including:  

  • Livestock nutrition
  • Herd/flock health planning
  • Biosecurity
  • Agricultural policy   
  • Research 
  • Farm manager 
  • Food security and safety 
  • Agricultural consultancy 
Success Stories

Your support network

You'll benefit from a strong support network from day one to be the best you can be. This will range from your personal tutor and specialist academic support team (our Achievement and Success Centre) to dedicated wellbeing and employability (Innovation, Careers and Enterprise) centres.

Academic support

You’ll have your own personal tutor while you’re here who will support you to succeed in your studies. You’ll also have access to our academic and wellbeing support teams who run regular workshops and one-to-one sessions on campus and online.

Alongside this, we have a comprehensive bank of online study skills resources to help you make the most of your qualification.

Your learning experiences

You'll experience a range of teaching methods to strengthen your digestion of topics, including lectures, workshops and practical sessions, as well as supported work placement learning as part of many courses.

Your career

Each year of your course will be made up of two semesters, within which you’ll study compulsory and optional modules on different industry-focused topics, enabling you to develop your own unique portfolio of knowledge, skills and experience, ready for your career. The course is taught in English.

Course information

Overview

You’ll how to build a productive, resilient and sustainable industry - whether as a farm manager, agronomist, economist, policymaker, researcher, scientist or consultant – career opportunities are diverse. The extensive industry experience of lecturers, an on-campus commercial farm that supplies Müller, Sainsbury's and Glencore, as well as a modern Agri-Tech Centre will prepare you to make that positive impact on the future.

You'll have access to 380 hectares of commercial farmland, offering plenty of opportunities to get hands-on. This, alongside real-world business briefs and industry placements. You’ll benefit from up to 300 hours engaging in and with the industry as part of your degree.

This includes a supported work placement during the first year of study that counts as credits towards your degree meaning you'll graduate ready for employment.

Entry requirements

  • UCAS | A typical offer for this course is 96-112 UCAS tariff points or equivalent.

 

  • GCSE | A minimum of 5 GCSE A* to C, (or 9 to 4 where numeric grades are being awarded) or equivalent, to include English Language and Mathematics.

 

  • A-Level | Typical offer is CCC-BBC or equivalent. This must include a minimum of two A Levels.

 

  • Vocational Award | Typical offer is a MMM-DMM in an Extended Diploma in a relevant subject.

 

  • Access | Typical offer is 96-112 UCAS tariff points in an Access to Higher Education Diploma.

 

  • IB | Typical offer is 96-112 UCAS tariff points in an IB Diploma, to include a minimum of two Highers at H3 or above.
    This must also include Maths and English Language at a minimum of Standard Level S3 if equivalent GCSEs have not been obtained.

 

  • Scottish Highers | Typical offer is 96-112 UCAS tariff points in Scottish Highers. This must include a minimum of one Advanced Higher and one Higher.

 

  • Irish leaving Certificate | Typical offer is 96-112 UCAS tariff points in the Irish Leaving Certificate. This must include a minimum of two Highers. This must also include Maths and English Language at a minimum of Ordinary Level.

 

  • OCR Cambridge Technical | Typical offer is a MMM-DMM in a Cambridge Technical Extended Diploma in a relevant subject.

 

  • T Level | Typical offer is Pass (C or above on the core) in your T Level overall grade in a relevant subject.

 

  • Other | Some evidence of practical experience in agriculture or similar land based studies is desirable.

 

We may interview mature applicants and those with non-traditional qualifications to ensure this is the right course for you.

The minimum academic entry requirement for this programme is 72 UCAS tariff or equivalent providing this is combined with relevant experience.

Please contact us for further information.

Employability

Your career

Industry opportunities on this course are diverse, to ensure you develop the skills, experience and connections needed for your graduate career. Many of our students get their graduate roles with their work placement employers.

Work placements and experience  

These form part of core modules, alongside an optional integrated placement year. We’ll support you to find a placement within a sector of the industry to match your interests and career goals. Placements can be paid or unpaid, depending on position. Students have worked with organisations such as the ADAS, Woodheads, Foyles as well as on a range of commercial farms and enterprises.

Field trips and guest lecturers

Field trips and industry professionals in lectures form an important part of your learning, enabling you to experience different businesses, careers and best practices. Recent field trips have included trips to Somerset and Devon as part of the sustainable agriculture module, ADAS field trials, livestock farms, food processors and Dairy Tech. Extra fees are required – please see the fees tab.   

Recent guest lecturers have included livestock nutritionists and agricultural managers within the banking and supermarket sectors.   

Graduate destinations 

As a Hartpury agriculture graduate, you could progress into a range of careers including:  

  • Livestock nutrition
  • Herd/flock health planning
  • Biosecurity
  • Agricultural policy   
  • Research 
  • Farm manager 
  • Food security and safety 
  • Agricultural consultancy 

How you'll study

Your support network

You'll benefit from a strong support network from day one to be the best you can be. This will range from your personal tutor and specialist academic support team (our Achievement and Success Centre) to dedicated wellbeing and employability (Innovation, Careers and Enterprise) centres.

Academic support

You’ll have your own personal tutor while you’re here who will support you to succeed in your studies. You’ll also have access to our academic and wellbeing support teams who run regular workshops and one-to-one sessions on campus and online.

Alongside this, we have a comprehensive bank of online study skills resources to help you make the most of your qualification.

Your learning experiences

You'll experience a range of teaching methods to strengthen your digestion of topics, including lectures, workshops and practical sessions, as well as supported work placement learning as part of many courses.

Your career

Each year of your course will be made up of two semesters, within which you’ll study compulsory and optional modules on different industry-focused topics, enabling you to develop your own unique portfolio of knowledge, skills and experience, ready for your career. The course is taught in English.

Modules

What you'll study

This course covers a broad range of fundamental agricultural topics through core modules. From the introductions to livestock science, sustainability, agricultural technologies, economics and soil management, to livestock health and disease, nutrition, developments in livestock science and the management of the supply chain with business management and sustainability embedded throughout.

Module credits

On successful completion of your modules, you’ll gain academic credit that accumulates towards your award. The marks you gain in your second and third years may contribute towards your final degree classification.

Your first year will focus on introducing and developing your underpinning scientific knowledge of livestock production, soil and grassland management, sustainable production systems and economics. You’ll also develop your academic, professional and transferable skills that will equip you to study at higher levels. Although the programme focuses on livestock, you’ll gain an insight of how crop production impacts on livestock production. This will allow you to understand the link between the two key sectors in the industry. You’ll also complete 280 hours of placement within industry to support your development.

Compulsory Modules 

Skills Development for Agriculture

The Skills Development for Agriculture module supports students in developing key professional, personal, academic and employment skills and competencies. This is to ensure students maximise the benefits of their degree programme and improve their employability prospects on graduation. The following areas are covered: academic skills; work placements and employability; technical agricultural competencies; research process and projects; reflective thinking.

Introduction to Sustainable Agriculture

This module aims to address key principles that impact sustainable agriculture systems and will include a short study trip. 

Introduction to Agricultural Economics

This module provides an introduction to key economic principles that are at work within the agricultural industry and their interaction with farm businesses and farm business performance. 

Introduction to Agricultural Technologies

The module offers an introduction to the varied technologies involved in current agricultural production and how these can contribute to environmental sustainability, increased animal welfare and efficient business performance.  

Soil and Grassland Management

The aim of the module is for students to become familiar with the principles and practices of soil and grassland management focussing on sustainable agricultural production objectives, but also considering ecological purposes. 

Introduction to Livestock Science

This module provides an introduction to livestock health and husbandry, in particular discussing the interaction between anatomy and physiology, ethics and welfare, disease, reproduction and legislation. The module will cover both ruminant and non-ruminant livestock. Practical skills will be taught and developed (in handling and carrying out routine husbandry tasks) using the livestock enterprises on the university’s farm. 

Core modules include farm business management and agricultural policy, livestock nutrition, livestock health and disease, forage crops, industry engagement and a research process module.

Compulsory Modules 

Farm Business Management and Agricultural Policy

This module provides an introduction to the principles of business management and how they are applied to the modern agricultural business. This will enable you to plan and manage staffing, capital and resource use on the farm, and prepare effective budgets and business plans for future development of the business. In addition, it will allow you to consider the legislative and policy boundaries that the modern farmer has to work within, enabling them to understand, manage and plan within guidelines and offer consultation to others.

Research Methods for Agricultural and Animal Scientists

This module introduces you to the process of academic research, methods of research and analysis, helping to prepare you for reading research literature and conducting research projects in the future.

Livestock Nutrition

The module develops student knowledge, understanding and application of the complexities and the scientific principles that underpins nutrition of ruminant and non-ruminant farm livestock preparing them for feed analysis, diet formulation and feed management.

Livestock Health and Disease

The module will provide students with an overview of current issues surrounding livestock health and disease and support them to develop scientific strategies that will enable industry relevant solutions. 

Forage Crops

The module will allow students to understand the annual production cycle of sustainable forage crops and their interaction with the environment, soil, and animal health.

Industry Engagement in Agriculture

The focus of this module is to develop students’ autonomy in an industry context through practice of personal, applied, and professional skills gained through a period of engagement aligned to their future career direction. 

The optional integrated placement year between your second and final years gives you the opportunity to put your knowledge and skills into practice and gain valuable industry experience.

Your final year core modules allow you to focus on a research project aligned to your own area of interest, developments in livestock science, agricultural social licence and one health, the supply chain and strategic management.

Compulsory Modules

Animal and Agriculture Dissertation

This module involves independent research and analysis in an animal or agriculture‐related field with one-to‐one support from an academic.

Agricultural Social Licence and One Health

The module investigates the concepts of social licence and one health within the agricultural industry and their impact on all stakeholders and decision making related to sustainability.

Developments in Livestock Science

The module will investigate a broad range of topics that will allow the student to gain further knowledge and understanding of the key scientific developments in sustainable livestock production and management and be able to critically analyse and evaluate development impact on all stake holders in the industry (producers, consumers and animals).

Supply Chain Management

In this module students will discover the mechanisms by which the agrifood supply chain takes our food supply from farm to fork. They will discuss current research and contemporary issues affecting, the agrifood supply chain which will enable them to grasp current practices and trends and consider the impact these may have on the producer. They will learn about the relationships between actors in the agrifood supply chain and how these influence the business practices currently employed. They will analyse and evaluate supply chain management practices with a focus on the drive towards sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) and the mechanisms by which this can be delivered. The module will also involve a non-assessed project that enables students to gain hands on experience within the sector. Previous projects have included the making of their own cider with a local cidermaker to be marketed by the students.

Strategic Management

This module allows students to explore the strategic practices and principles utilised by global companies. Through an appreciation key external and internal impact factors students will put theory into practice and create a new strategic direction for an allocated organisation.

Modules

Overview

What you'll study

This course covers a broad range of fundamental agricultural topics through core modules. From the introductions to livestock science, sustainability, agricultural technologies, economics and soil management, to livestock health and disease, nutrition, developments in livestock science and the management of the supply chain with business management and sustainability embedded throughout.

Module credits

On successful completion of your modules, you’ll gain academic credit that accumulates towards your award. The marks you gain in your second and third years may contribute towards your final degree classification.

Level four (year one)

Your first year will focus on introducing and developing your underpinning scientific knowledge of livestock production, soil and grassland management, sustainable production systems and economics. You’ll also develop your academic, professional and transferable skills that will equip you to study at higher levels. Although the programme focuses on livestock, you’ll gain an insight of how crop production impacts on livestock production. This will allow you to understand the link between the two key sectors in the industry. You’ll also complete 280 hours of placement within industry to support your development.

Compulsory Modules 

Skills Development for Agriculture

The Skills Development for Agriculture module supports students in developing key professional, personal, academic and employment skills and competencies. This is to ensure students maximise the benefits of their degree programme and improve their employability prospects on graduation. The following areas are covered: academic skills; work placements and employability; technical agricultural competencies; research process and projects; reflective thinking.

Introduction to Sustainable Agriculture

This module aims to address key principles that impact sustainable agriculture systems and will include a short study trip. 

Introduction to Agricultural Economics

This module provides an introduction to key economic principles that are at work within the agricultural industry and their interaction with farm businesses and farm business performance. 

Introduction to Agricultural Technologies

The module offers an introduction to the varied technologies involved in current agricultural production and how these can contribute to environmental sustainability, increased animal welfare and efficient business performance.  

Soil and Grassland Management

The aim of the module is for students to become familiar with the principles and practices of soil and grassland management focussing on sustainable agricultural production objectives, but also considering ecological purposes. 

Introduction to Livestock Science

This module provides an introduction to livestock health and husbandry, in particular discussing the interaction between anatomy and physiology, ethics and welfare, disease, reproduction and legislation. The module will cover both ruminant and non-ruminant livestock. Practical skills will be taught and developed (in handling and carrying out routine husbandry tasks) using the livestock enterprises on the university’s farm. 

Level five (year two)

Core modules include farm business management and agricultural policy, livestock nutrition, livestock health and disease, forage crops, industry engagement and a research process module.

Compulsory Modules 

Farm Business Management and Agricultural Policy

This module provides an introduction to the principles of business management and how they are applied to the modern agricultural business. This will enable you to plan and manage staffing, capital and resource use on the farm, and prepare effective budgets and business plans for future development of the business. In addition, it will allow you to consider the legislative and policy boundaries that the modern farmer has to work within, enabling them to understand, manage and plan within guidelines and offer consultation to others.

Research Methods for Agricultural and Animal Scientists

This module introduces you to the process of academic research, methods of research and analysis, helping to prepare you for reading research literature and conducting research projects in the future.

Livestock Nutrition

The module develops student knowledge, understanding and application of the complexities and the scientific principles that underpins nutrition of ruminant and non-ruminant farm livestock preparing them for feed analysis, diet formulation and feed management.

Livestock Health and Disease

The module will provide students with an overview of current issues surrounding livestock health and disease and support them to develop scientific strategies that will enable industry relevant solutions. 

Forage Crops

The module will allow students to understand the annual production cycle of sustainable forage crops and their interaction with the environment, soil, and animal health.

Industry Engagement in Agriculture

The focus of this module is to develop students’ autonomy in an industry context through practice of personal, applied, and professional skills gained through a period of engagement aligned to their future career direction. 

Integrated placement year (optional)

The optional integrated placement year between your second and final years gives you the opportunity to put your knowledge and skills into practice and gain valuable industry experience.

Level Six (final year)

Your final year core modules allow you to focus on a research project aligned to your own area of interest, developments in livestock science, agricultural social licence and one health, the supply chain and strategic management.

Compulsory Modules

Animal and Agriculture Dissertation

This module involves independent research and analysis in an animal or agriculture‐related field with one-to‐one support from an academic.

Agricultural Social Licence and One Health

The module investigates the concepts of social licence and one health within the agricultural industry and their impact on all stakeholders and decision making related to sustainability.

Developments in Livestock Science

The module will investigate a broad range of topics that will allow the student to gain further knowledge and understanding of the key scientific developments in sustainable livestock production and management and be able to critically analyse and evaluate development impact on all stake holders in the industry (producers, consumers and animals).

Supply Chain Management

In this module students will discover the mechanisms by which the agrifood supply chain takes our food supply from farm to fork. They will discuss current research and contemporary issues affecting, the agrifood supply chain which will enable them to grasp current practices and trends and consider the impact these may have on the producer. They will learn about the relationships between actors in the agrifood supply chain and how these influence the business practices currently employed. They will analyse and evaluate supply chain management practices with a focus on the drive towards sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) and the mechanisms by which this can be delivered. The module will also involve a non-assessed project that enables students to gain hands on experience within the sector. Previous projects have included the making of their own cider with a local cidermaker to be marketed by the students.

Strategic Management

This module allows students to explore the strategic practices and principles utilised by global companies. Through an appreciation key external and internal impact factors students will put theory into practice and create a new strategic direction for an allocated organisation.

The modules contain a mixture of scheduled learning – lectures, workshops and practical sessions. You’re expected to dedicate at least two to three hours of independent study per contact hour. Your course may also include work placement learning as part of some modules.

Year Contact learning Placement learning Independent learning
Level four (year one) 24% 17% 59%
Level five (year two) 26% 0% 74%
Optional integrated placement year 1% 80% 19%
Level six (year three) 17% 0% 83%

You will be assessed through a mixture of written exams, practical exams and written assignments. Many of the modules will be marked based on a mixture of assessment types, whilst others will be based solely on one type of assessment. Feedback will be given via a mixture of written bullet point-style feedback and/or oral feedback.

Year Written exam Practical exam Coursework
Level four (year one) 13% 25% 62%
Level five (year two) 29% 28% 43%
Optional integrated placement year 0% 0% 100%
Level six (final year) 0% 45% 55%

Each year of this course is taught over two semesters, normally consisting of 12 weeks of scheduled teaching and then assessment weeks, with an overview below:

  • Scheduled teaching takes place between 8:30 to 20:30 Monday to Friday
  • Wednesday afternoons are normally reserved for sports and cultural activities
  • Work placements may entail different days and hours
  • Part-time students may need to attend learning activities five days each week, depending on modules selected
  • Timetables are available during enrolment week
View term dates

Tuition fees and financial support

Please visit our student finance page for information on tuition fees and student loans, as well as non-repayable grants, bursaries and scholarships, eligible to different groups, to support with study costs.

Skills Development Bursary 

Agriculture students have access to a skills development bursary (£1,000 per student) to support with developing a range of practical and vocational skills during their programme of study. 

Clothing and footwear (circa £100) 

You’ll need to purchase appropriate clothing and footwear before you enrol, or during enrolment week. We’ll let you know exactly what you need to purchase in your enrolment guide – everything is available from our supplier’s online shop for approximately £100.

Optional field trips 

Students are encouraged to engage in various trips and visits as part of the programme. While many of these are included in the course fees, there is the opportunity to engage in additional study tours with additional costs involved. In year one the sustainable agriculture field trip will cost in the region of £40 per student.  

Short Courses 

Hartpury also subsidises optional short courses for a reduced cost that allows students to gain relevant experience and qualifications prior to graduation. Short courses include PA1, PA2, PA6, All Terrain Vehicle training, chainsaw maintenance and basic operations and Telescopic Handler (RTTLT Loadall). 

Performance Sports Academy membership

Find out costs and details for joining one of our performance Sports Academy teams.

Accommodation and living costs

Please visit our student accommodation page for details.

Hartpury gym

Find out about costs and details for joining the Hartpury gym.

Fees & Finance

For further details about this course, including the programme specification and module descriptions, please visit our document library.

Resource library

Accommodation

Settle into an accommodation option to suit your taste and budget – at Hartpury University, undergraduate students can choose to live on-campus surrounded by Gloucestershire’s beautiful countryside or off-campus in the heart of Gloucester City centre. Enjoy the best of both worlds.

Hartpury University Accommodation

Finance

We can help you understand how it all works, and what you need to do next. Find out everything you need to know about tuition fees, student loans and bursaries and scholarships. In 2021/22, we provided assistance to over 1/3 of our students through bursaries, scholarships and grants, totalling a little under £1million.

Hartpury University Finance

Support

When you become a student at Hartpury, you become part of our community. As a small university, we provide personalised support based on your individual requirements and aspirations. Our teams cover wellbeing, achievement and success, learning support, careers, and more. From wellbeing, safety and employability, to finance, accommodation and IT, our staff will answer your questions or get you set up with someone who can.

Hartpury University Student Support
Gold Gold Gold 01

TEF Gold

Our undergraduate provision has been awarded Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) Gold in all aspects - Overall, Student Experience, and Student Outcomes.

GUG 2024 Top 10 Teaching Quality Landscape

Teaching quality

Ranked in the top 10 universities for teaching quality (The Times and The Sunday Times Good University Guide, 2024).

Graduate Outcomes 2023 97Pc

Graduate employability

97% of our graduates are in employment, further study or other purposeful activity (Graduate Outcomes, 2023). 

NSS 2023 Academic Support

Academic support

We’ve been named as the top university in England for academic support (National Student Survey, 2023).

Ralph Dalu
“I’ve been able to develop my business alongside my studies, thanks to the fantastic support I’ve received from the Enterprise Hub and Innovation, Careers and Enterprise team. I even reached the Enterprise Awards finals, which has given me the funds to develop further.”
Ralph Dalu
BSc (Hons) Agriculture

A real-world setting

At Hartpury, an agriculture degree is about so much more than farming. It's about working with people to create behaviour change, applying agri-tech data to increase yield and welfare, and translating scientific research and business theory into real solutions that address industry challenges.

You don’t need an agricultural background, you just need the passion and drive to make a difference to our planet, people, and animals.

Watch via YouTube

Important information

Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of our published course information, however our programmes are reviewed and developed regularly. Changes or cancellation of courses may be necessary to ensure alignment with emerging employment areas, to comply with accrediting body requirements, revisions to subject benchmark statements or as a result of student feedback. We reserve the right to make necessary changes and will notify all offer-holders of changes as and when they occur.